乐播传媒

When he won a prestigious environmental award last spring, engineering professor Lee Lynd 鈥�79 prominently mentioned his 乐播传媒 senior thesis in his acceptance presentation.

It wasn鈥檛 mere nostalgia. That 乐播传媒 bio thesis was the first step in Lynd鈥檚 long pursuit of a grail not holy, but green. His $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Sustainability Award shows just how near that goal he is.

Lynd, who teaches at Dartmouth鈥檚 Thayer School of Engineering, is seeking a way to make ethanol on the cheap. He鈥檚 not interested in sourcing it from food crops like corn or sugarcane, an approach increasingly seen as problematic. To meet America鈥檚 abundant need for nonpetroleum vehicle fuel, Lynd believes, you need an abundant source: that commonest of plant materials, cellulose.

What distinguishes Lynd among researchers in cellulosic ethanol (CE) is that he leaves his lab frequently to champion CE鈥檚 potential benefits to government, agriculture, and other stakeholders. 鈥淗e鈥檚 one of two or three people in the country who have played a leading role both in setting out a vision and then actually helping to provide some key parts of the technology,鈥� says fellow CE researcher Bruce Dale, a professor at Michigan State.

In the lab, Lynd and his research partners have put a distinctive twist on a conventional method of deriving ethanol from cellulose. Typically, this process uses enzymes to break the cellulose into sugars. Then microbes ferment the sugars into ethanol (similar to yeast turning grapes into that tasty ethanol beverage called wine).

But Lynd believes that a single microorganism species can be genetically engineered to do it all 鈥� in simplest terms, to eat cellulose and produce ethanol. This process, called consolidated bioprocessing, or CBP, has been in his sights since his 乐播传媒 days.

Eliminating the need for costly enzymes is what sets consolidated bioprocessing apart from the field, he says, and 鈥渨ould be a transformative breakthrough from an economic point of view.鈥� With much of the science for CBP in place, Lynd鈥檚 current focus is on biotechnology to develop microorganisms (including Clostridium thermocellum, the bacterial star of his senior thesis).

If making cheap CE is a tough knot, the payoff is worth it. In what became a sort of personal mission statement, Lynd鈥檚 1979 乐播传媒 thesis stated, 鈥淥f renewable products of photosynthesis, cellulose has the greatest potential [as a fuel source] since it is the most abundant organic compound in the world, requires little nonsolar energy to produce, and is inedible,鈥� thus protecting food crops from energy demands.

Another tantalizing potential dividend from biofuel is a sustainable carbon cycle, where the entire process 鈥� from plants using carbon dioxide to grow, to plants being used to produce energy that releases carbon dioxide 鈥� is carbon-neutral. Realizing this ideal depends on the amount of energy used to grow the biomass, and the fuel source used for processing.

CE beats corn ethanol on both fronts. 鈥淣et greenhouse-gas emissions projections for CE approach zero,鈥� says Lynd. 鈥淐urrent corn ethanol production offers only modest greenhouse gas emission reductions.鈥�

Lynd鈥檚 parents, Staughton and Alice Lynd, are well-known for decades of social justice work 鈥� Staughton even sacrificed a Yale teaching post to his antiwar activities in the 1960s 鈥� and Lee likely learned important lessons about changing the world early on. His passion for biofuels has taken him from the White House to Congress to the media to major environmental organizations.

For instance, Lynd was instrumental to the multi-institution research effort that culminated in the Natural Resources Defense Council鈥檚 influential 2004 report, Growing Energy: How Biofuels Can Help End America鈥檚 Oil Dependence. The research project and report not only spelled out the potential for CE and other biomass-derived energy, but opened a needed dialogue with the environmental community.

Nowadays, along with his Dartmouth commitments, Lynd leads biomass conversion research at a new U.S. Department of Energy鈥揻unded biofuels center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. He鈥檚 also chief scientific officer and co-founder of the for-profit Mascoma Corp., one of several startups with CE facilities planned or under construction.

In short, Lynd says, while most academics develop an area of expertise and then look for places to apply it, he chose cellulosic ethanol as his application 鈥� at 乐播传媒 鈥� and has spent a career 鈥渓ooking for tools to bring to it.鈥�

With an upbringing that included so-called free schooling in the 1960s and 鈥�70s, Lynd describes himself as 鈥渁 victim or beneficiary鈥� of alternative education. Coming to 乐播传媒 at age 17 with some conspicuous gaps in his training, Lynd says that the College 鈥渨as able to receive me where I was and move me forward.鈥�

One mover was biology professor and Lynd thesis advisor Andrew Balber. Lynd calls Balber 鈥渇lat out the best professor I鈥檝e ever had,鈥� because of his skill at leading students to learn through discovery.

Working on a farm one summer, Lynd was impressed by the amount of heat that compost produces. From there he arrived at a thesis topic highly relevant to a green-thinking person in the energy-anxious 1970s: Could microbes mass-produce ethanol

from cellulose?

The thesis was a mixed success, as Lynd couldn鈥檛 get the cellulose-eating bacterium Clostridium thermocellum to grow properly. But the fellow student who illustrated Lynd鈥檚 CE production concept, Betsy Rybeck 鈥�79, became his wife; one of their children, Noah, is a first-year at 乐播传媒. And careerwise, of course, the hook was set. Through his subsequent education at the University of Wisconsin and Dartmouth, Lynd had his goal in sight.

鈥淗e was one of those students who had his own clear idea of what he wanted to do,鈥� says biology professor Bob Thomas. 鈥淚鈥檓 not surprised he followed up with cellulosic ethanol.鈥�

While today鈥檚 corn-ethanol industry took root in the 1970s, there was little mainstream interest in fuel alternatives like CE for years thereafter. In 1991, Lynd, Dartmouth (and now Mascoma) colleague Charles Wyman, and two other authors laid the groundwork for alternative ethanol sources with the Science article 鈥淔uel Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass.鈥�

That piece occasioned 鈥渢he first time that many in the science community had ever taken cellulosic ethanol seriously,鈥� says Michigan State鈥檚 Bruce Dale. 鈥淚t was very compelling.鈥�

More recently, concerns about U.S. dependency on foreign oil and greenhouse gas emissions, along with the realization that corn ethanol creates its own problems (such as higher food prices worldwide), have sharpened interest in CE.

Lynd is gratified that the need and potential for CE are finally being recognized. But as someone who always keeps an eye on the big picture, he sees CE as just part of the fix for our environmental woes.

Ultimately, he says, that fix will entail 鈥渞eally thinking about how society can navigate this transition from a world reliant largely on nonsustainable resources to a world of 10 billion or so people reliant on sustainable resources.鈥�

鈥淚t seems to me that when, in a few hundred years, people look back on our time, one of the very key things that they will judge us on is how well we did or did not deal with that transition,鈥� Lynd says. 鈥淪o I can鈥檛 think of anything more important to devote my professional life to.鈥�